與那覇さんノート

Hardly had the committee finished the discussion when a new concern was raised by the public.
→Hardlyは後にS + Vは取れない

＜Only after the samples had been stored at a stable temperature for 24 hours ＞ ＜were they analyzed for contamination.＞
→Only after は後にS + Vが取れる：Afterが接続詞だから

Hardly ＜had the committee finished the discussion＞

Hardly ＜were they analyzed for contamination.＞

◯Only after S + V  ＜were they analyzed for contamination.＞

✖️Hardly S + V ＜were they analyzed for contamination.＞
→これは文法的に不可

◯Only after S + V ＜S + V＞
✖️Hardly S + V ＜S + V＞

Were the regulations to be tightened further, many small businesses would be forced to shut down.

→the regulations were to be tightened further, many small businesses would be forced to shut down.

＜Few observers noticed ＞　＜that （what had been described as a breakthrough） was ＜, in reality, ＞based on limited evidence.

＜What + S + V＞ V
＝S + V
＝〜すること
What I have to do next is to study English.（私が次にやるべきことは英語の勉強だ）

That + S + V
＝That + S (What 〜） + V（was based）

<What the committee proposed during the closed session> surprised even those members who had expected a modest revision of the original policy.
→S ＋ surprised (even those) members 

＜Whether + S + V＞ V
＝S + V
＝〜かどうかは

＜Whether the publisher will approve the revised manuscript＞depends largely on 〜
↑＜出版社がこの修正された文章を承認するかどうかということは＞〜次第である

①depend on ~：〜次第
→onの後は物事や状況説明くる
例文：It depends on the situation.：状況次第だね

②up to ~：〜次第
→toの後は人がくる
例文：It is up to you.：あなた次第だよ

Have you checked the email that I sent you last week?
→先週送った私のメール、確認した？（怒）

The extent ＜to which the findings can be generalized＞ depends ＜largely＞ on ＜how the sample was selected.＞
→The extent depends on how~

I talked <about the tea>.
→〜について話した
→SVO

The CEO spoke ___ about 〜
→The CEO speak <about the tea>.
→SVO
→〜について話した

The dog runs.
→3単元のSなので複数ではないので注意

The lights of the ceiling are suspending.

There is ＜growing public ___＞

There is a cup.

There is 名詞＝名詞があります

It is essential that every applicant ___ the form in blue ink.

→It is essential　＋　every applicant ___ the form in blue ink.

Had the supplier been notified earlier, the shipment would have arrived ___.
→ If the supplier had been notified earlier + the shipment would have arrived ___.

the supplier has been notified earlier,

This job requires experience.
The company requires employees to attend the meeting.
→会社は従業員に会議に参加することを求めている
→require　A　＋　B　＝　AにBを求める

↓Q40の問題文の構造に直すと、、、

The employee is required to attend the meeting.
Two-factor ___ is required for remote access to internal systems.

The discrepancy in the invoice was ___ before the finance director reviewed the supporting documents, so the payment could be processed without delay.

①The discrepancy in the invoice was ___ 
②before the finance director reviewed the supporting documents, 
③so the payment could be processed without delay.

＜間違えやすいポイント＞
前置詞と接続詞の区別
→接続詞＝後に「S + V」がくる
→前置詞＝後にSのみ

It is important ~
→It will be important〜
→It must be important〜

must ＝ 助動詞
mustはwillと同じ使い方

The timeline is not ___ unless additional resources are assigned.
→The timeline is not ___　＋　＜unless additional resources are assigned＞.
※unless ＝　〜しない限り

〜able＝形容詞
今回の場合　＝　feasible

→be able to 〜＝〜できる
→I am able to speak English.

diligent：熱心に
confident：自信がある
→ I am confident that I will pass the exam.
→ I am diligent to verify〜

The interns worked ___ ＜to verify every entry＞＜before submission＞.
→The interns worked ___

She showed great diligence in completing the project.
She has confidence in her abilities.

be expected to〜：〜を予想する、予測する、待っている
Each applicant is expected ＜to provide 〜＞.
→to以下全てが目的語になっている

Instead of〜＝〜の代わりに
〜の代わりに、〇〇します（言いたいこと：本文）
①Instead of discarding the surplus materials：〜の代わりに
②the team plans to ___ them for a smaller pilot that targets a narrower audience
→「Instead of〜＝〜の代わりに」がわかっていれば、plansを本動詞と認識できたはず

the team plans to ___ them for a smaller pilot
                                                             that（which） targets a narrower audience

The launch date must ___ with the regional holiday schedule; otherwise, staffing levels will be insufficient for expected demand.

The launch date must ___〜　＋　staffing levels will be〜
otherwise＝そうでなければ〜

The quarterly results were ___ better than analysts had predicted.

現在形：It is good.
過去形：It was good.
複数形現在：They are good.
複数形過去：They were good.
複数形過去（比較）：They were better
今回の問題：They were  ____  better

They (=The quarterly results) were good (= better）.
A) slight　B) slightness　C) slightest　D) slightly

It requires me to go there.
→require　人　to不定詞（名詞）
It（＝Access to the archive） requires （モノ・コトのような名詞＝prior authorization）

「, 動詞＋ing」＝〜しつつ、〜しながら
→これは覚えておく以外に対処法はないので覚えましょう

The IT help desk will reopen at 8:30 a.m. and will prioritize requests related to login problems.
①The IT help desk will reopen at 8:30 a.m. 
　　→, resuming regular support hours, 
②（The IT help desk）will prioritize requests related to login problems.

リスニング力を上げるために必要な要素
①音理解＝ネイティヴの正しい発音を覚えているか
②意味理解＝単語や表現の意味を理解しているか

・meet demands：需要を満たす
・meet requirements：要望・要件を満たす

・Keep O（目的語＝名詞or名詞句） C（補語＝形容詞、過去分詞）：OをCの状態にする
→ Please keep ＜the door＞ open.：窓を開けた状態にしておいてください
→ She kept ＜the window＞ closed.：窓を閉めたままにしていた
→ His joke kept ＜everyone＞ happy.：彼のジョークはみんなを楽しい気分にさせた
→ keep ＜your contact information＞ (4)

＜リスニングでよく出る表現＞
・The hotel is located next to a large body of water.
→a body of water：海

・They are facing opposite directions.
・They are facing away from each other.
→お互いに反対方向を向いている

・A light fixture is suspended from the ceiling.
→電気が天井から吊るされている
・A light fixture has been suspended from the ceiling.
→電気が天井に取り付けられた（状態が完了している）

If you arrived without a reservation, you may still be accepted;
①If you arrived without a reservation＝従属節
②you may still be accepted;＝主節　＋　 (60) priority will be given to those（＝people） with scheduled appointments.

現在形：He accepts the offer.：彼はそのオファーを受け入れた
過去形：He accepted the offer.：彼はそのオファーを受け入れた
未来形：He will accept the offer.：彼はそのオファーを受け入れるだろう
受け身（現在）：He is accepted.：彼は受け入れられる
受け身（過去）：He was accepted.：彼は受け入れた
受け身（未来）：He will be accepted.：彼は受け入れられるだろう

May＝助動詞
→Will、Can、Should、Mustと使い方は同じ（同じ場所でそのまま置き換え可能）
→He may accept the offer.
→He may be accepted.

※to thoseまたはfor thoseは、Peopleという意味になる

allow
→日本人：アロー
→ネイティヴ：アラウ

you must complete the mandatory screening form and confirm your allergy history.
you must
①complete the mandatory screening form
and
②confirm your allergy history
→andが「文法的に」繋いでいるのは、「動詞」という役割

語尾に「cial / tial」が付くと形容詞になる
→official：正式な
→beneficial：利益的な、有益な
→social：社会的な
→financial：金融的な、金銭的な
→commercial：商業的な
→special：特別な
→racial：差別的な
→crucial：決定的な
→artificial：人工的な
→essential：重要な
→potential：可能性のある
→confidential：自身のある
conference

racial discrimination：人種差別

welfare：福祉

Her testimony proved ___ 
→It is important.
〜の状態である

To keep the reception line moving during the peak hour, the coordinator handled walk-in requests ___ while also responding to urgent calls from the warehouse.

①To keep the reception line moving during the peak hour, 
②the coordinator handled walk-in requests ___ ：一番言いたいこと
③while also responding to urgent calls from the warehouse.

Revised Essay：書き足されたエッセイ
→Revised＝形容詞

recommends that members （should）(107) 

• suggest
• recommend
• propose
• advise
• ask
• request
• demand
• require
• insist
• order
• urge

後のthat節の中にくる動詞は原型になる

(127) all privileged approvals must still be scoped to the minimum necessary duration and reviewed in the post-incident report. 

and = 文法的に同じものをつなぐ

①all privileged approvals must still be scoped
and
②(all privileged approvals must still be )reviewed

all privileged approvals
a segregated archive
→the broken window
the window was broken.
She is beautiful.
S=C
window = broken

；likewise
→〜と同様に

；therefore
→その結果、したがって、〜なので

；consequently
→結果的に

；however
→しかしながら

＜動名詞の基本原則＞
動名詞＝〜すること
→Study：勉強する
→Studying：勉強すること

I study English.
→S V O

< Studying English > is important.
→S V C

＜動名詞の置かれる位置＞
①主語　：< Studying English > is important. : S V C
②目的語：She enjoys ＜cooking for her family＞.：S V O
③補語　：My favorite activity is reading before bed.　：S V C　（S = C）

＜分詞の用法＞
①動名詞が名詞の後にくっ付く場合
・The man standing in front of the door is my friend.
→The man <who is standing in front of the door >is my friend.
→The man is my friend.

②名詞の前にくっ付く場合
・The sleeping baby：babyという名詞にくっ付いているSleeping＝名詞を修飾できるのは形容詞のみ
→sleepingは形容詞的な扱い

A driving license
A beautiful lady
<the broken window> is still there.
→前から続いているものが、今も続いているイメージ「still」

I have not seen him yet.：私はまだ彼に会ったことがない
→何か期待されているが、まだ出来事は起きていない時に「yet」

international relations＝国際関係論
→relationsの動詞＝relate

The professor < who teaches our international relations seminar > always gives us difficult questions at the end of class.
①本動詞候補＝teaches、gives
②whoを発見＝関係代名詞でThe professorを具体的に説明しているだけ
→whoの中にある最初の動詞は本動詞にはならない
③The professor always gives us difficult questions at the end of class.

＜練習＞
①The woman ＜who lives next door＞ is very kind.
→本動詞候補：lives、is
whoがあるので、次の動詞は本動詞にはならないのでlives消去
→isが本動詞

②The employee ＜who joined the company last month＞ is already doing well.
→本動詞候補：joined、is
whoがあるので、次の動詞は本動詞にはならないのでjoined消去
→isが本動詞

③ I met a man < who has a daughter > <who speaks French fluently>.
→本動詞候補：met、has、speaks
whoがあるので、次の動詞は本動詞にはならないのでhas、speaks消去
→metが本動詞
＜補足＞
a man < who has a daughter >：娘がいる男性
a daughter <who speaks French fluently>.：フランス語を流暢に話す娘
→フランス語を流暢に話す娘がいる男性に会った
Whoが重なっている時（関係代名詞が重なっている時）は必ずそのWho（関係代名詞）が説明したいものを確認する

④The company < that hired the engineer > < who developed the software > became very successful.
→本動詞候補：became、developed、hired
that、whoがあるので、次の動詞は本動詞にはならないのでdeveloped、hired消去
→becameが本動詞
The company became very successful.

developed：発音を区切ると読みやすくなる＝＞　de – ve – lo – ped

分詞構文＝補足情報
動名詞＝「〜すること」という名詞状態を作るもの（名詞化）

I saw an old friend.
I was walking down the street
→I saw an old friend when I was walking down the street
→倒置にして短縮すると：Walking down the street, I saw an old friend（道を歩いていたら昔の知人に会った）

主語が同じなので片方を消去可能

The cafe < where my friend recommended me last week >was good.

The cafe was good.

＜仮定法＞

仮定法＝「現実には起きていないこと」を説明する時に使う
→現実からの距離が遠い状態

もし明日雪が降ったら、外出ができない
If it snows tomorrow, I will not be able to go out.
→ If + 現在形（snows）, 未来形（will / won’t ）+ 動詞

現在からの距離感があるから時制が異なる
If I were you, I would do it first.（もし私があなただったら、先にこれをやる）
→本来は「I was 〜」、でも今回は「I were 〜」
→私はあなたにはなれないので、その距離感（無理な感じ）を表現するために「were」

will, canは助動詞＝使い方は一緒

「もし彼女が忙しかったら、彼女は来れないだろう」
✖️ If she is busy, she cannot come.

→前提：Ifの中にwillを置いてはいけない
→「If she is busy」＝本当に忙しい可能性がある
→実際、彼女は忙しくないはず

If she were busy, she could not come.
→couldはcanの過去形

fast, first
→発音の違いに注意

仮主語
→It is important that you are kind.